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Social constructivism
Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophical constructivism into the social. The concept has a long theory in sociological and philosophical thought, but the term has been coined by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann with their book ''The Social Construction of Reality''. Based on a combination of Alfred Schutz' Sociology of Knowledge and Durkheim's concept of institution, they develop a theory that aims at answering the question of how subjective meaning becomes a social fact. The concept uses George Herbert Mead's Ideas of Socialisation and Interaction and in this respect some aspects resemble ideas in Russian cultural psychology, wherein groups construct knowledge for one another, collaboratively creating a "small" culture of shared artifacts with shared meanings. When one is immersed within a culture of this sort, one is learning all the time about how to be a part of that culture on many levels. It is emphasised that culture plays a large role in the cognitive development of a person. Its origins are largely attributed to Lev Vygotsky.
==Social constructivism and social constructionism==
Social constructivism is closely related to social constructionism in the sense that people work together to construct artifacts. However, there is an important difference: ''social constructionism'' focuses on the artifacts that are created through the social interactions of a group, while ''social constructivism'' focuses on an individual's learning that takes place because of their interactions in a group.
A very simple example is an object like a cup. The object can be used for many things, but its shape does suggest some 'knowledge' about carrying liquids (see also Affordance). A more complex example is an online course - not only do the 'shapes' of the software tools indicate certain things about the way online courses should work, but the activities and texts produced within the group as a whole will help shape how each person behaves within that group. A person's cognitive development will also be influenced by the culture that he or she is involved in, such as the language, history and social context.
For a philosophical account of one possible social constructionist ontology, see the 'Criticism' section of ''Representative realism''.〔See also Wright, Edmond (2005) Narrative, Perception, Language, and Faith. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 103–120.〕
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